Documentation of Dghwede in the language ecology of the UNHCR camp of Minawao (Cameroon)

Language	Dghwede
Depositor	Pierpaolo Di Carlo
Affiliation	University “L’Orientale” Napoli
Location	Cameroon
Collection ID	0825
Funding Body	ELDP
Collection Status	Collection online
Landing Page Handle	http://hdl.handle.net/2196/aa3bbdac-3625-48b3-af37-1ffa33b09b3d

 

Summary of the collection

English: This deposit documents Dghwede as spoken in the UNHCR Minawao camp in Cameroon, home to a cohesive Dghwede-speaking community since 2013, when residents were displaced from their ancestral lands by Boko Haram violence. The collection includes elicitation sessions recorded in 2023 and a larger set of naturalistic speech recorded in 2025 by native speakers coordinated by the project PI. It also includes a legacy sub-collection containing recordings made between 1994-2001 by the anthropologist Gerhard Müller-Kosack in some Dghwede villages. Initial annotations were produced by trained community members and subsequently refined by project staff.

Takaitaccen bayanin tarin bayanai

Hausa: Wannan ajiya yana rubuta harshen Dghwede kamar yadda ake magana da shi a sansanin UNHCR na Minawao a Kamaru, wanda ya zama gida ga haɗaɗɗiyar al’ummar masu magana da Dghwede tun daga shekarar 2013, lokacin da mazauna suka kaurace daga ƙasashensu na asali sakamakon rikicin Boko Haram. Tarin ya ƙunshi zaman tambayoyi da amsoshi da aka rikoda a shekarar 2023 da kuma babban tarin magana ta dabi’a da masu magana na asali suka rikoda a shekarar 2025 karkashin jagorancin babban mai binciken aikin. Haka kuma ya haɗa da wani ɓangaren tsoffin rikodi da masanin al’adu Gerhard Müller-Kosack ya yi tsakanin 1994–2001 a wasu ƙauyukan asalin Dghwede. An fara yin sharhin farko ne ta hannun ’yan al’umma da aka horar, sannan ma’aikatan aikin suka sake gyara su.

 

Group represented

English: Dghwede was historically spoken in the homonymous area within the Gwoza Local Government Area of the Borno State of Nigeria. It is the only language of the Gwoza Hills that has not been surveyed by Cameron Hamm, probably due to the relative isolation of the language community. The only reliable source we have concerning its speaker population is Müller-Kosack (2021), who surveyed the area between 1996 and 2009 and reports ca. 20,000 ethnically Dghwede across several settlements, both in the older village located in the mountains and the resettlement areas found at a lower altitude.

As of 2019, only few elders were still living in Dghwede area, whereas the overwhelming majority of the population had sought refuge elsewhere since 2013 as a consequence of Boko Haram atrocities. Müller-Kosack also reports that a majority of ethnically Dghwede people are internally displaced persons settled in camps across the Borno and Adamawa States (2021:29ff.). Dghwede refugees in Minawao report that sizable Dghwede diaspora communities are found in the city of Yola and in the countryside around the town of Belel (Adamawa State, Nigeria). In February 2023, the Dghwede community leader in the UNHCR refugee camp of Minawao reported that there were 260 community members settled there at the time. As of February 2026, that estimate still holds.

Rukunin da ke wakiltuwa a cikin tarin bayanai

Hausa: A tarihi, ana magana da Dghwede a yankin da ke ɗauke da sunansa a cikin Gwoza Local Government Area na Jihar Borno a Najeriya. Shi ne kaɗai harshen tsaunukan Gwoza da Cameron Hamm bai yi bincike a kansa ba, mai yiwuwa saboda keɓantuwar al’ummar masu magana da shi. Tushen da ya fi amincewa game da yawan masu magana da harshen shi ne Müller-Kosack (2021), wanda ya yi bincike a yankin tsakanin 1996 da 2009, ya kuma ruwaito kimanin mutane 20,000 ’yan asalin Dghwede a wurare da dama, duka a tsohon ƙauyen da ke cikin tsaunuka da kuma wuraren sake zama da ke ƙananan tudu.

Zuƙatan shekarar 2019, kaɗan daga cikin dattawa ne kawai suka rage a yankin Dghwede, yayin da mafi yawan jama’a suka nemi mafaka a wasu wurare tun daga 2013 sakamakon ta’asar Boko Haram. Müller-Kosack ya kuma ruwaito cewa mafi yawan ’yan asalin Dghwede sun zama ’yan gudun hijira na cikin gida da ke zaune a sansanoni a jihohin Borno da Adamawa (2021:29ff.). ’Yan gudun hijirar Dghwede a Minawao sun kuma ruwaito cewa akwai manyan al’ummomin Dghwede a diaspora a birnin Yola da kuma yankunan karkara da ke kewaye da garin Belel (Jihar Adamawa, Najeriya). A watan Fabrairun 2023, shugaban al’ummar Dghwede a sansanin ’yan gudun hijira na UNHCR a Minawao ya ruwaito cewa akwai mambobin al’umma 260 da ke zaune a can a lokacin. Zuƙatan Fabrairun 2026, wannan ƙididdigar har yanzu tana nan yadda take.

 

Language information

English: Dghwede was historically spoken in the area of the same name within the Gwoza Local Government Area of the Borno State of Nigeria. It is the only language of the Gwoza Hills that was not surveyed by Cameron Hamm of SIL, probably due to the relative isolation of the language community. The only reliable source we have concerning its speaker population is Müller-Kosack (2021), who surveyed the area between 1996 and 2009 and reports ca. 20,000 ethnically Dghwede across several settlements, both in the older villages located in the mountains and the resettlement areas found at a lower altitude. As of 2019, only few elders were still living in the Dghwede area, whereas the overwhelming majority of the population had sought refuge elsewhere since 2013 as a consequence of Boko Haram attacks. Müller-Kosack also reports that a majority of ethnically Dghwede people are internally displaced persons settled in camps across the Borno and Adamawa States (2021:29ff.). The Swiss linguist Esther Frick facilitated the creation of a Dghwede Bible translation, but reportedly locals use the Hausa version (cf. Müller-Kosack 2021:128)—in itself a sign of contraction of the domains of use of the language.

Estimating the current number of proficient Dghwede speakers is challenging. Interview data collected in 2023 indicate that Dghwede is primarily used within the households of ethnically Dghwede individuals. However, younger speakers reportedly tend to favor Hausa not only among peers but also in communication with parents and other family members. Dghwede Muslims are reported to be generally unsupportive of the use and transmission of the language. Based on available evidence and community reports, a preliminary estimate suggests that approximately 10,000 people still speak Dghwede daily, most of whom are adults or elderly.

Like Cinene, Dghwede is classified as a member of the the Biu-Mandara A.4, “Mandara proper” group of Chadic languages, although it must be stressed that this is obtained on the basis of very limited information—essentially limited to Frick (1977) and (1978) and a 120-item wordlist in Appendix A of Hamm (2004/2024).

Bayanan harshe

Hausa: A tarihi, ana magana da Dghwede a yankin da ke ɗauke da sunansa a cikin Gwoza Local Government Area na Jihar Borno a Najeriya. Shi ne kaɗai harshen tsaunukan Gwoza da Cameron Hamm na SIL bai yi bincike a kansa ba, mai yiwuwa saboda keɓantuwar al’ummar masu magana da shi. Tushen da ya fi amincewa game da yawan masu magana da harshen shi ne Müller-Kosack (2021), wanda ya yi bincike a yankin tsakanin 1996 da 2009, ya kuma ruwaito kimanin mutane 20,000 ’yan asalin Dghwede a wurare da dama, duka a tsoffin ƙauyukan da ke cikin tsaunuka da kuma wuraren sake zama da ke ƙananan tudu.

Zuƙatan shekarar 2019, kaɗan daga cikin dattawa ne kawai suka rage a yankin Dghwede, yayin da mafi yawan jama’a suka nemi mafaka a wasu wurare tun daga 2013 sakamakon hare-haren Boko Haram. Müller-Kosack ya kuma ruwaito cewa mafi yawan ’yan asalin Dghwede sun zama ’yan gudun hijira na cikin gida da ke zaune a sansanoni a jihohin Borno da Adamawa (2021:29ff.). Masaniyar harshe daga Switzerland, Esther Frick, ta taimaka wajen samar da fassarar Littafi Mai Tsarki zuwa Dghwede, amma an ruwaito cewa mutanen yankin suna amfani da sigar Hausa (duba Müller-Kosack 2021:128) — wanda kansa alama ce ta raguwar fannoni da ake amfani da harshen.

Ƙiyasta yawan masu iya magana da Dghwede a halin yanzu abu ne mai wahala. Bayanai daga hirarraki da aka tattara a shekarar 2023 sun nuna cewa ana amfani da Dghwede galibi a cikin gidajen mutanen da asalinsu Dghwede ne. Sai dai an ruwaito cewa matasa sukan fi son amfani da Hausa ba kawai a tsakanin abokai ba har ma wajen sadarwa da iyaye da sauran ’yan uwa. An kuma ruwaito cewa Musulman Dghwede gaba ɗaya ba su cika goyon bayan amfani da harshe da watsa shi ga ’yan baya ba. Bisa ga hujjojin da ake da su da rahotannin al’umma, ƙiyasin farko na nuna cewa kusan mutane 10,000 ne har yanzu ke amfani da Dghwede a kullum, mafi yawansu manya ko dattawa.

Kamar Cinene, ana rarraba Dghwede a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin rukunin harsunan Chadic na Biu-Mandara A.4, wato “Mandara proper”, kodayake ya kamata a jaddada cewa wannan rarrabuwa ta dogara ne kan bayanai kaɗan ƙwarai—musamman Frick (1977) da (1978) da kuma jerin kalmomi guda 120 a Ƙarin A na Hamm (2004/2024).

 

Special characteristics

English:
• All non-elicited sessions were planned, recorded, and produced by a local video production team composed of project collaborators based in Minawao.
• The entire collection is made accessible to the Dghwede-speaking community through low-cost, low-tech Internet-in-a-Box technology (Di Carlo, under review).
• A first round of linguistic and ethnographic annotation is carried out by a local Dghwede transcription team made up of project collaborators in Minawao.
• It includes interviews with the last remaining practitioners of Dghwede ancestral cultural heritage.
• Dghwede is currently almost absent from the web; the recordings in this collection are beginning to spark conversations in digital environments within the Dghwede diaspora, encouraging language use and re-appropriation in contexts of displacement.

Siffofi na musamman na tarin

Hausa:
• Dukkan zaman bidiyo na ba tare da tambayoyi kai tsaye ba an tsara su, an ɗauke su, kuma an samar da su ta hannun ƙungiyar samar da bidiyo ta gida wadda ta ƙunshi masu haɗin gwiwar aikin da ke zaune a Minawao.
• Dukkan tarin bidiyon ana sa shi nan take a hannun al’ummar masu magana da Dghwede ta hanyar amfani da fasahar Internet-in-a-Box mai arha kuma mai sauƙin amfani (Di Carlo, ana kan duba shi).
• Matakin farko na sharhi na harshe da na al’adu ana aiwatar da shi ne ta ƙungiyar rubuta bayanan Dghwede ta gida wadda ta ƙunshi masu haɗin gwiwar aikin a Minawao.
• Ya haɗa da hirarraki da ragowar masu aiwatar da al’adun gargajiyar kakannin Dghwede na ƙarshe.
• A halin yanzu Dghwede kusan ba ya wanzuwa a yanar gizo; bidiyon da ke cikin wannan tarin suna fara haifar da tattaunawa a muhallin dijital tsakanin ’yan diaspora na Dghwede, suna ƙarfafa amfani da harshe da sake mallakar sa a yanayin ƙaura.

 

Collection contents

English: This collection consists mostly of video recordings documenting Dghwede language use across both structured elicitation and spontaneous communicative contexts. The materials include vocabulary and grammar elicitation based on the Comparative Chadic Wordlist, covering semantic domains such as numerals, household activities, body parts, animals, everyday objects, and common verbs.

A substantial portion of the collection, however, captures non-elicited speech. These recordings include demonstrations of greetings, everyday conversations, explanations of cultural practices, naming traditions, and short instructional or descriptive talks. Speakers present aspects of daily life, social norms, and community knowledge in a natural and semi-structured format, providing valuable examples of discourse, interaction, and pragmatic language use.

Legacy recordings made between 1994 and 2001 in the Dghwede ancestral land by Gerhard Müller-Kosack are interviews with elders who were knowledgeable about Dghwede precolonial traditions.

Together, the videos provide audiovisual documentation of Dghwede vocabulary, grammatical patterns, and communicative practices. The collection is intended to support linguistic research, language documentation, and language learning by offering both targeted lexical data and naturalistic speech.

Abubuwan da ke cikin tarin

Hausa: Wannan tarin ya ƙunshi bidiyo da ke nuna amfani da harshen Dghwede a cikin zaman tambayoyi da kuma maganganu na yau da kullum. Akwai tattara ƙamus da nahawu bisa jerin kalmomin Comparative Chadic Wordlist, wanda ya rufe fannoni kamar lambobi, ayyukan gida, sassan jiki, dabbobi, kayan yau da kullum, da ayyuka.

Babban ɓangare na tarin yana mai da hankali kan maganganu ba tare da tambaya kai tsaye ba. Wadannan sun haɗa da gaisuwa, hirarraki na yau da kullum, bayanin al’adu, hanyoyin ba da suna, da gajerun bayanai ko koyarwa. Masu magana suna bayyana rayuwar yau da kullum, dokokin zamantakewa, da ilimin al’umma ta hanyar magana ta dabi’a, wanda ke ba da misalan amfani da harshe a zahiri.

Tsoffin rikodin da Gerhard Müller-Kosack ya yi tsakanin 1994 da 2001 a ƙasar asalin Dghwede sun ƙunshi hirarraki da dattawa masu ilimi game da al’adun Dghwede na zamanin kafin mulkin mallaka.
Tarin yana ba da muhimmiyar shaida ta bidiyo kan ƙamus, tsarin nahawu, da hanyoyin sadarwa, kuma yana da amfani ga binciken harshe, rubuce-rubucen harsuna, da koyon harshe.

 

Collection history

English: This collection includes both legacy recordings made between 1994-2001 in the Dghwede ancestral land by the anthropologist Gerhard Müller-Kosack as well as recordings made between 2023-2028 in the UNHCR camp of Minawao by Pierpaolo Di Carlo and his team.

– Legacy sub-collection (1994-2001). Gerhard Müller-Kosack, an ethnologist with extensive experience working among the Dghwede people before the disruptions caused by Boko Haram, had made a collection of audio recordings from his interviews, accessible on the website mandaras.info (see, for example, the materials linked at https://www.mandaras.info/FieldMaterials.html). Contacted by Di Carlo, Müller-Kosack not only expressed great enthusiasm for the opportunity to preserve his work at ELAR but also generously shared dozens of additional audio files. These recordings, primarily from 1994–1996 and 2001, mostly capture interviews conducted by Müller-Kosack and his Dghwede assistants with Dghwede elders, many of whom have since passed away. Originally recorded on tape and later digitized, the audio quality may not support detailed phonetic analysis; however, the cultural and historical significance of their content is immeasurable.

– Minawao sub-collection (2023-2028). Recordings in Dghwede started being collected in early 2023, when Di Carlo and Dadak (PI and Senior Research Assistant in this project, respectively) visited the camp along with other researchers from the University of Maroua (Amina Goron, Veved David, Made Boukar) and Yaounde 1 (Nelson Tschonghongei). Specifically, the earliest material recorded is mostly made of elicitation sessions based on the Comparative Chadic Word List. Related sociolinguistic information is part of the collection #0821.

As of the deposit made in January 2026, the collection mostly contains videos of semi-spontaneous speech by native speakers of Dghwede residing in the UNHCR camp of Minawao recorded in the months of October through December 2025 by the local video production team of project collaborators, themselves refugees. Some videos have been minimally edited, e.g. to remove long stretches of silence. Translations are being provided for all the videos in both English and Hausa. A select portion of the recordings is being provided with semi-orthographic transcription — the initial versions are made by the local Dghwede transcription team of project collaborators, which are then checked and refined by Di Carlo and Dadak before publication.

All the data contained in this deposit is also available locally at the UNHCR camp of Minawao in two ways: (i) by connecting to our LAN, which includes our project servers, stored and maintained in the camp’s Multimedia Center (cf. Di Carlo under review); (ii) by connecting to one of our Internet-in-a-Box devices, found at key locations in the camp. In either case, access is free and does not require an active internet connection.

Tarihin tarin

Hausa: Wannan tarin ya haɗa da tsoffin rikodin da aka yi tsakanin 1994–2001 a ƙasar asalin Dghwede ta hannun masanin al’adu Gerhard Müller-Kosack, da kuma rikodin da Pierpaolo Di Carlo da tawagarsa suka yi tsakanin 2023–2028 a sansanin UNHCR na Minawao.
– Ƙaramin tarin tsofaffin rikodi (1994–2001). Gerhard Müller-Kosack, masanin ilimin al’adu wanda ya shafe shekaru yana aiki tare da al’ummar Dghwede kafin rikice-rikicen Boko Haram, ya yi tarin rikodin sauti daga hirarrakinsa, waɗanda ake iya samu a shafin yanar gizo mandaras.info (misali kayan da aka haɗa a https://www.mandaras.info/FieldMaterials.html). Bayan Di Carlo ya tuntube shi, Müller-Kosack ya nuna matuƙar farin ciki da damar adana aikinsa a ELAR, kuma cikin karamci ya raba ƙarin fayilolin sauti da dama. Waɗannan rikodin, musamman daga 1994–1996 da 2001, sun fi kama hirarraki da Müller-Kosack da mataimakansa na Dghwede suka yi da dattawan Dghwede, da dama daga cikinsu sun riga sun rasu. An fara rikodin a kan kaset sannan aka mayar da su na dijital; ingancin sautin na iya kasa tallafawa cikakken binciken lafazin sauti, amma muhimmancin al’adu da tarihi na abin da suke ɗauke da shi ba ya misaltuwa.

– Ƙaramin tarin Minawao (2023–2028). An fara tattara rikodin Dghwede a farkon shekarar 2023 lokacin da Di Carlo da Dadak (babban mai bincike da babban mataimakin bincike a wannan aiki) suka ziyarci sansanin tare da wasu masu bincike daga Jami’ar Maroua (Amina Goron, Veved David, Made Boukar) da kuma Jami’ar Yaoundé 1 (Nelson Tschonghongei). Kayayyakin farko da aka rikoda sun fi zama zaman tambayoyi da amsoshi bisa jerin kalmomin Comparative Chadic Word List. Bayanan da suka shafi zamantakewar harshe suna cikin tarin #0821.

Zuƙatan ajiya da aka yi a watan Janairu 2026, tarin ya fi ƙunsar bidiyoyin magana rabin-spontaneous na masu magana da Dghwede da ke zaune a sansanin UNHCR na Minawao, waɗanda tawagar samar da bidiyo ta gida — su ma ’yan gudun hijira — suka rikoda tsakanin Oktoba da Disamba 2025. An yi ƙananan gyare-gyare ga wasu bidiyo, misali cire dogayen shiru. Ana samar da fassara ga dukkan bidiyoyin a Turanci da Hausa. Wani ɓangare na rikodin ana samar masa da rubutaccen tsari na rabin-orthography — ƙungiyar masu rubutu na Dghwede a cikin masu haɗin gwiwar aikin ne ke yin sigar farko, sannan Di Carlo da Dadak sukan duba su kuma su gyara kafin bugawa.

Dukkan bayanan da ke cikin wannan ajiya suna samuwa a cikin sansanin UNHCR na Minawao ta hanyoyi biyu: (i) ta haɗuwa da LAN ɗinmu, wanda ya ƙunshi sabobin aikinmu da ake ajiye su a Cibiyar Multimedia ta sansanin; (ii) ta haɗuwa da na’urorin Internet-in-a-Box da ke wurare masu muhimmanci a sansanin. A kowane hali, samun damar amfani kyauta ne kuma baya buƙatar haɗin intanet.

 

Other information

English: Because Dghwede linguistic materials are extremely rare in print or in any written circulation, no orthographic conventions are currently shared across the speaker community. In addition, Dghwede phonology has not yet been systematically studied, and the language remains largely undescribed at other grammatical levels. For these reasons, the transcription system used in this collection should be considered provisional and may evolve over the course of the project. The metadocumentation bundle provides key information on the most up-to-date version of the transcription method.

Sauran bayanai

Hausa: Saboda ƙarancin kayan rubuce-rubucen harshen Dghwede sosai, babu wata ƙa’ida ta rubutu da al’ummar masu magana da harshen suka amince da ita a halin yanzu. Haka kuma, har yanzu ba a yi cikakken nazari kan tsarin sautukan Dghwede ba, kuma harshen bai samu cikakken bayani a sauran matakan nahawu ba. Saboda haka, tsarin rubutun da ake amfani da shi a wannan tarin na wucin gadi ne, kuma ana iya sabunta shi yayin ci gaban aikin. Kundin metadocumentation yana ɗauke da muhimman bayanai game da sabuwar sigar tsarin rubutun da ake amfani da shi.

 

References

Di Carlo, Pierpaolo (Under review). Sustainable research infrastructures under limited connectivity. Lessons from language documentation in a Cameroonian refugee camp. Junco (Journal of Universities and Cooperation Development).

Di Carlo, Pierpaolo, Ndokobai Dadak, Amina Goron, David Veved, and Made Boukar (In Press). Vers la documentation des répertoires sémiotiques dans le camp HCR de Minawao. Compte-rendu des activités de terrain parmi des réfugiés nigérians à l’extrême nord du Cameroun. In: Journal of Postcolonial Linguistics.

Frick, Esther (1977). The phonology of Dghwede. (Language Data Africa Series, 11). Microfiche ed. Dallas: SIL.

Frick, Esther (1978). The verbal system in Dghwede, in: Linguistics 212, pp. 5-43.

Hamm, Cameron (2004/2024). A Sociolinguistic Survey of the Glavda, Cinene, and Vemgo-Mabas Languages of Cameroon and Nigeria. Dallas: SIL International.

Muller-Kosack, Gerhard (2021). Azaghvana. A fragmentary history of the Dghweɗe of the Mandara Mountains. Ramsgate: Mandaras Publishing.

 

Acknowledgement and citation

English: We want to thank the Dghwede speaker community, both in the camp and outside of it, for its continued support towards the creation of a comprehensive record of their language. Our Dghwede transcribers must also be acknowledged: Andrawus Peter, Lydia Anthony, Saratu Yakubu, Ishaku Yakubu, Goudi John. The help of Istaphanus Amos allowed us to maintain a positive and mutually enriching relationship with the Dghwede community as a whole.

This project is being made possible only thanks to both moral and logistical support from the following:
• The United Nations High Commissionr for the Refugees, Maroua Sub-Office, especially Mrs. Monique Rudacogora Nyiratuza (Head), Mrs. Ruffine Ruth Ebene Zobo, and Mr. Moise Amedje.
• The Thika Alumni Trust (UK-based NGO), especially Mr. Harpal Punia and Mr. Shanti Bhardwa. This NGO donated key equipment and supported the development of the Internet-in-a-Box distribution plan in the camp.
• Wiki Project Med, especially Dr. James Heilman, for generously supporting work in software development and Internet-in-a-Box related domains by local project collaborators in the camp.
• Tim Moody, Internet-in-a-Box developer, for his continued support in IT-related domains of the project.
• Personnel at the University of Napoli “L’Orientale”, especially Benedetta Bovenzi and Alessandra Gallo, for their painstaking work dealing with the complicated bureaucratic aspects of this project.

Users of any part of this collection should acknowledge Pierpaolo Di Carlo as principal investigator and Ndokobai Dadak as core member of the research team. The Endangered Languages Documentation Programme should be acknowledged as the funder of the project that allowed the creation of this collection. Users of parts of the corpus should acknowledge by name (i) the people who recorded the given session and (ii) the individuals appearing in the recordings, whose words and/or images are used. Any other contributors involved in data collection, transcription, and translation, or who contributed in any other way, should be acknowledged by name. The relevant information is available in the metadata.

To refer to any data from the collection, please cite as follows:
Di Carlo, Pierpaolo. 2025. Documentation of Dghwede in the linguistic ecology of the UNHCR camp of Minawao (Cameroon). Endangered Languages Archive. Handle: http://hdl.handle.net/2196/e2e149e8-b1ec-4941-8507-ff17b4eb55e9. Accessed on [insert date here].

Godiya da ambato

Hausa: Muna son mu gode wa al’ummar masu magana da Dghwede, a cikin sansanin da kuma a wajen sa, saboda ci gaba da goyon bayan da suke bayarwa wajen ƙirƙirar cikakken tarihin harshensu. Haka kuma muna yaba wa masu rubuta Dghwede namu: Andrawus Peter, Lydia Anthony, Saratu Yakubu, Ishaku Yakubu, Goudi John. Taimakon Istaphanus Amos ya ba mu damar ci gaba da kula da kyakkyawar dangantaka mai amfani ga ɓangarori biyu tare da al’ummar Dghwede gaba ɗaya.

Wannan aiki ya yiwu ne kawai saboda goyon bayan ɗabi’a da na kayan aiki daga waɗannan ƙungiyoyi da mutane:
• Hukumar Kula da ’Yan Gudun Hijira ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UNHCR), Ofishin Maroua, musamman Mrs. Monique Rudacogora Nyiratuza (Shugaba), Mrs. Ruffine Ruth Ebene Zobo, da Mr. Moise Amedje.
• Thika Alumni Trust (NGO daga Birtaniya), musamman Mr. Harpal Punia da Mr. Shanti Bhardwa, waɗanda suka bayar da muhimman kayan aiki kuma suka tallafa wajen shirin rarraba Internet-in-a-Box a sansanin.
• Wiki Project Med, musamman Dr. James Heilman, saboda tallafinsa a aikin haɓaka software da ayyukan Internet-in-a-Box da masu aikin gida suka gudanar a sansanin.
• Tim Moody, mai haɓaka Internet-in-a-Box, saboda ci gaba da goyon bayan fasahar IT a cikin aikin.
• Ma’aikata a Jami’ar Napoli “L’Orientale”, musamman Benedetta Bovenzi da Alessandra Gallo, saboda ƙoƙarinsu wajen kula da harkokin birokrasiya masu wahala na wannan aiki.

Masu amfani da wani ɓangare na wannan tarin su ambaci Pierpaolo Di Carlo a matsayin babban mai bincike, da Ndokobai Dadak a matsayin muhimmin memba na ƙungiyar bincike. Ya kamata a kuma ambaci Endangered Languages Documentation Programme a matsayin mai ba da tallafi. Masu amfani da bayanai su kuma ambaci (i) waɗanda suka ɗauki rikodin zaman, da (ii) mutanen da ke cikin bidiyon. Sauran masu ba da gudummawa a tattara bayanai, rubutu, da fassara su ma a ambace su da suna. Duk bayanai suna cikin metadata.

Don ambaton bayanai daga tarin, a yi amfani da wannan:
Di Carlo, Pierpaolo. 2025. Documentation of Dghwede in the linguistic ecology of the UNHCR camp of Minawao (Cameroon). Endangered Languages Archive. Handle: http://hdl.handle.net/2196/e2e149e8-b1ec-4941-8507-ff17b4eb55e9. Accessed on [saka rana].